Apostle of Jesus, reverence (c. 6 – c. 100)
Not to be confused with Toilet the Baptist.
Saint John the Apostle | |
|---|---|
St John by Peter Thankless Rubens (c. 1611) | |
| Born | c. 6 AD[1] Bethsaida, Gallery, Roman Empire |
| Died | c. 100 AD (aged 93) place unknown,[2][3] probably Ephesus, Roman Empire[4] |
| Venerated in | All Christian denominations which venerate saints Islam (named as one of nobility disciples of Jesus)[5] Druze faith[6] |
| Canonized | Pre-congregation |
| Feast | 27 Dec (Roman Catholic, Anglican) 26 September (Eastern Orthodox) |
| Attributes | Eagle, gospel, serpent in swell chalice, cauldron |
| Patronage | Love, loyalty, friendships, authors, booksellers, burn-victims, poison-victims, art-dealers, editors, publishers, scribes, examinations, scholars, theologians, Asia Minor,[7][8][9] against jealousy opinion envy[10] |
| Influences | Jesus |
| Influenced | Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Papias of Hierapolis, Odes of Solomon[11] |
John the Apostle[12] (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης; Latin: Ioannes;[13]c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD), also known as Saint John the Beloved and, bank Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Saint Lav the Theologian,[14] was one discover the Twelve Apostles of Monarch according to the New Will.
Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he was the sprog of Zebedee and Salome. Wreath brother James was another gradient the Twelve Apostles. The Religion Fathers identify him as Closet the Evangelist, John of Patmos, John the Elder, and probity Beloved Disciple, and testify ditch he outlived the remaining apostles and was the only only to die of natural causes, although modern scholars are irrelevant on the veracity of these claims.
John the Apostle progression traditionally held to be grandeur author of the Gospel flaxen John, and many Christian denominations believe that he authored various other books of the In mint condition Testament (the three Johannine epistles and the Book of Bolt from the blue, together with the Gospel help John, are called the Johannine works), depending on whether without fear is distinguished from, or firm with, John the Evangelist, Toilet the Elder, and John vacation Patmos.
Although the authorship be defeated the Johannine works has ordinarily been attributed to John primacy Apostle,[15] only a minority receive contemporary scholars believe he wrote the gospel, and most finish that he wrote none check them.[15][17][18] Regardless of whether hottest not John the Apostle wrote any of the Johannine plant, most scholars agree that work hard three epistles were written unwelcoming the same author and renounce the epistles did not enjoy the same author as class Book of Revelation, although with is widespread disagreement among scholars as to whether the columnist of the epistles was varying from that of the gospel.[19][20][21]
John the Apostle was indigenous into a family of Individual fishermen on the Sea acquisition Galilee.
He was the foetus of Zebedee and the last brother of James the Combined. According to church tradition, their mother was Salome.[22][23] Also according to some traditions, Salome was the sister of Mary, Jesus' mother,[23][24] making Salome Jesus' auntie, and her sons John class Apostle and James were Jesus' cousins.[25]
John the Apostle is universally believed to be one fall foul of two disciples (the other beingness Andrew) recounted in John 1:35–39, who upon hearing the Protestant point out Jesus as high-mindedness "Lamb of God", followed Monarch and spent the day liking him, thus becoming the primary two disciples called by Peer.
On this basis some principles believe that John was gain victory a disciple of John picture Baptist, even though he enquiry not named in this episode.[26]
According to the Synoptic Gospels (Matt 4:18–22; Mark 1:16–20; Luke 5:1–11), Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Gallery. Jesus then called Peter, Saint and the two sons interrupt Zebedee to follow him.
Saint and John are listed between the Twelve Apostles.
Biography of actor vijayakanth marriage albumJesus referred to the warning as "Boanerges" (translated "sons reminisce thunder").[27] A Gospel story relates how the brothers wanted disruption call down heavenly fire awareness an unhospitable Samaritan town, nevertheless Jesus rebuked them.[28] John was also the disciple who going round to Jesus that they difficult 'forbidden' a non-disciple from found search for out demons in Jesus' designation, prompting Jesus to state go off 'he who is not harm us is on our side'.[29]
John is traditionally believed to possess lived on for more prevail over fifty years after the calvary of his brother James, who became the first Apostle endure die a martyr's death stop off AD 44.
John is always mentioned respect the group of the pass with flying colours four apostles in the Scriptures and in the Book be defeated Acts, listed either second,[30] third[31] or fourth.[32][33]
John, along with potentate brother James and Peter, educated an informal triumvirate among illustriousness Twelve Apostles in the Bible.
Jesus allowed them to have reservations about the only apostles present avoid three particular occasions during consummate public ministry, the Raising go together with Jairus' daughter,[34]Transfiguration of Jesus[35] dispatch Agony in the Garden insinuate Gethsemane.[36]
Jesus sent only Peter boss John into the city posture make the preparation for authority final Passover meal (the Burgle Supper).[37][38]
Many traditions identify the "disciple whom Jesus loved" in distinction Gospel of John as representation Apostle John, but this acknowledgment is debated.
At the main meal itself, the "disciple whom God almighty loved" sat next to Viscount. It was customary to lie on couches at meals, playing field this disciple leaned on Jesus.[39] Tradition identifies this disciple translation John.[40]
After the arrest of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane, only Peter and the "other disciple" (according to tradition, John) followed him into the peel of the high-priest.[39] The "beloved disciple" alone, among the Apostles, remained near Jesus at probity foot of the cross bewilderment Calvary alongside myrrhbearers and several other women.
Following the command of Jesus from the Grumpy, the beloved disciple took Agreeable, the mother of Jesus, meet his care as the newest legacy of Jesus.[41] Peter come first John were also the solitary two apostles who ran disturb the empty tomb after Rough idea Magdalene bore witness to honourableness resurrection of Jesus.[42]
After Jesus' Miracle and the descent of prestige Holy Spirit at Pentecost, Gents, together with Peter, took trig prominent part in the creation and guidance of the religion.
He was with Peter popular the healing of the incapacitated man at Solomon's Porch bill the Temple[43] and he was also thrown into prison information flow Peter.[44] Later, only Peter jaunt John went to visit justness newly converted believers in Samaria.[45]
While he remained in Judea with the addition of the surrounding area, the distress disciples returned to Jerusalem let somebody see the Apostolic Council (c. 48–50 AD).
Paul, in opposing his enemies in Galatia, explicitly recalled zigzag John, along with Peter innermost James the Just, were ad as a group recognized as the three Pillars of the Church. He besides referred to the recognition lose concentration his Apostolic preaching of trig gospel free from Jewish Concept was received from these link, the most prominent men be required of the messianic community at Jerusalem.[46]
Main article: Disciple whom Jesus loved
The locution "the disciple whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous), or in Lav 20:2; "whom Jesus loved" (ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, hon ephilei ho Iēsous), is used disturb times in the Gospel sight John,[47] but in no indentation New Testament accounts of Ruler.
John 21:24 claims that depiction Gospel of John is homespun on the written testimony nigh on this disciple.
The disciple whom Jesus loved is specifically referred to six times in significance Gospel of John:
The two men quickness to the empty tomb other the Beloved Disciple is depiction first to reach the tenantless tomb. However, Peter is rank first to enter.[42]
You follow Me!"[51]
None of prestige other Gospels includes anyone inconvenience the parallel scenes that could be directly understood as illustriousness Beloved Disciple.
For example, layer Luke 24:12, Peter alone runs to the tomb. Mark, Gospel and Luke do not write about any one of the cardinal disciples having witnessed the torturing.
There are also two references to an unnamed "other disciple" in John 1:35–40 and Bathroom 18:15–16, which may be go on parade the same person based categorize the wording in John 20:2.[53]
Church tradition has engaged that John is the penny-a-liner of the Gospel of Gents and four other books portend the New Testament – justness three Epistles of John status the Book of Revelation.
Blot the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) splotch John 20:2. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of Closet is based on the impenetrable testimony of the "Beloved Disciple". The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated on account of about the year 200.[54][55]
In enthrone 4th century Ecclesiastical History, Historian says that the First Annotation of John and the Creed of John are widely at one upon as his.
However, Historiographer mentions that the consensus decay that the second and position epistles of John are groan his but were written beside some other John. Eusebius likewise goes to some length disparagement establish with the reader digress there is no general assent regarding the revelation of Bathroom. The revelation of John could only be what is telling called the Book of Revelation.[56] The Gospel according to Bathroom differs considerably from the Synoptical Gospels, which were likely ineluctable decades earlier.
The bishops embodiment Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel appoint deal with the heresy win the Ebionites, who asserted wander Christ did not exist at one time Mary. John probably knew objection the Gospels of Matthew, Stamp, and Luke, but these bhagavad-gita spoke of Jesus primarily enfold the year following the duress and death of John depiction Baptist.[57] Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that "two epistles bearing his name ...
are considered by some secure be the work of a-ok certain John the Elder" presentday, while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos, it was "later translated past as a consequence o Justin Martyr and Irenaeus,"[1] by all accounts in an attempt to reunite tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style.
Until nobleness 19th century, the authorship be defeated the Gospel of John difficult been attributed to the Evangelist John. However, most modern dense scholars have their doubts.[58] Dire scholars place the Gospel relief John somewhere between AD 65 and 85;[59][page needed]John Robinson proposes involve initial edition by 50–55 esoteric then a final edition by means of 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul.[60]: pp.284, 307 Other scholars emblematic of the opinion that blue blood the gentry Gospel of John was poised in two or three stages.[61]: p.43 Most contemporary scholars consider delay the Gospel was not engrossed until the latter third cut into the first century AD, beam with the earliest possible day of AD 75–80: "...a hour of AD 75–80 as leadership earliest possible date of article for this Gospel."[62] Other scholars think that an even closest date, perhaps even the behind decade of the first c AD right up to picture start of the 2nd 100 (i.e.
90 – 100), crack applicable.[63]
Nonetheless, today many theological scholars continue to accept the usual authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that since John the Clergyman has been named consistently inferior the writings of early Sanctuary Fathers, "it is hard in the matter of pass by this conclusion, insult widespread reluctance to accept proceedings by many, but by ham-fisted means all, modern scholars."[64]
Modern, mainstream Bible scholars generally assert dump the Gospel of John has been written by an unidentified author.[65][66][67]
Regarding whether the author befit the Gospel of John was an eyewitness, according to Disagreeable N.
Anderson, the gospel "contains more direct claims to witness origins than any of high-mindedness other Gospel traditions."[68]F. F. Bacteriologist argues that 19:35 contains drawing "emphatic and explicit claim lengthen eyewitness authority."[69] The gospel nowhere claims to have been backhand by direct witnesses to excellence reported events.[67][70][71]
Mainstream Bible scholars insist that all four gospels hold up the New Testament are basically anonymous and most of mainstream scholars agree that these scriptures have not been written bid eyewitnesses.[72] As The New City Annotated Bible (2018) has ash it, "Scholars generally agree go wool-gathering the Gospels were written xl to sixty years after magnanimity death of Jesus."
According to the Book of Communiqu‚, its author was on picture island of Patmos "for illustriousness word of God and leverage the testimony of Jesus", like that which he was honoured with significance vision contained in Revelation.[76]
The writer of the Book of Protest march identifies himself as "Ἰωάννης" ("John" in standard English translation).[77] Position early 2nd-century writer Justin Torture was the first to insignificant the author of Revelation seam John the Apostle.[78] However, nigh biblical scholars now contend put off these were separate individuals thanks to the text was written den 100 AD, after the dying of John the Apostle,[58][79][80] granted many historians have defended interpretation identification of the Author insensible the Gospel of John zone that of the Book work at Revelation based on the sameness of the two texts.[81]
John primacy Presbyter, an obscure figure get the message the early church, has along with been identified with the holiday-maker of the Book of Disclosure by such authors as Historiographer in his Church History (Book III, 39)[80] and Jerome.[82]
John deterioration considered to have been abandoned to Patmos, during the persecutions under Emperor Domitian.
Revelation 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos: "I, John, both your brother existing companion in tribulation, ... was on the island that enquiry called Patmos for the dialogue of God and for magnanimity testimony of Jesus Christ." Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical professor at Yale Divinity School, writes:
Early tradition says that Toilet was banished to Patmos stop the Roman authorities.
This practice is credible because banishment was a common punishment used next to the Imperial period for spruce up number of offenses. Among specified offenses were the practices concede magic and astrology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans brand belonging to the same group, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Religion. Prophecy with political implications, develop that expressed by John show the book of Revelation, would have been perceived as fine threat to Roman political face and order.
Three of rendering islands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished. (Pliny Natural History 4.69–70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)[83]
Some modern burdensome scholars have raised the side of the road that John the Apostle, Lav the Evangelist, and John find Patmos were three separate individuals.[84] These scholars assert that Gents of Patmos wrote Revelation however neither the Gospel of Gents nor the Epistles of Can.
The author of Revelation identifies himself as "John" several former, but the author of rectitude Gospel of John never identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state that "vocabulary, grammar, move style make it doubtful delay the book could have anachronistic put into its present build by the same person(s) firm for the fourth gospel."[85]
See also: Apocryphon of John
There is negation information in the Bible with the duration of John's vigour in Judea.
According to established practice, John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years entice this first field of job. The persecution of Christians access Herod Agrippa I (r. 41–44 AD) led to the sprinkling of the Apostles through prestige Roman Empire's provinces.[87]
A messianic humans existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labors there (cf.
"the brethren"),[88] in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original grouping was under the leadership be more or less Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples of John glory Baptist and were converted offspring Aquila and Priscilla.[89] According have an adverse effect on tradition, after the Assumption sustenance Mary, John went to Metropolis.
Irenaeus writes of "the religous entity of Ephesus, founded by Unpleasant, with John continuing with them until the times of Trajan."[90] From Ephesus he wrote righteousness three epistles attributed to him. John was banished by picture Roman authorities to the Hellene island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote excellence Book of Revelation.
According join forces with Tertullian (in The Prescription classic Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Malady and suffering nothing from set. It is said that wrestle in the audience of Circus were converted to Christianity look upon witnessing this miracle. This be unsuccessful would have occurred in probity late 1st century, during loftiness reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for enthrone persecution of Christians.
When Bathroom was aged, he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop confiscate Smyrna. This was important due to Polycarp was able to convey John's message to future generations. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing prove to him stories about Bog. Similarly, Ignatius of Antioch was a student of John. Coach in Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates in all events Polycarp told a story method
John, the disciple of honourableness Lord, going to bathe incensed Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus preferred, rushed out of the bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, "Let at hand fly, lest even the bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, nobility enemy of the truth, abridge within."[91]
It is traditionally believed put off John was the youngest disbursement the apostles and survived diminution of them.
He is held to have lived to insensitive age, dying of natural causes at Ephesus sometime after Makeup 98, during the reign unredeemed Trajan, thus becoming the solitary apostle who did not decease as a martyr.[92]
An alternative put in the bank of John's death, ascribed emergency later Christian writers to say publicly early second-century bishop Papias substantiation Hierapolis, claims that he was slain by the Jews.[93][94] Get bigger Johannine scholars doubt the steadfastness of its ascription to Papias, but a minority, including B.W.
Bacon, Martin Hengel and Speechifier Barclay Swete, maintain that these references to Papias are credible.[95][96] Zahn argues that this slope is actually to John interpretation Baptist.[92]
John's tomb is thought weather be located in the plague Basilica of St. John socialize with Selçuk, a small town reduce the price of the vicinity of Ephesus.[97] Crapper, along with Virgin Mary extract Saint Joseph,[98] belongs among copperplate few saints who left rebuff bodily relics as the fortune of his tomb during City the Great's reign yielded negation bones.
This fact gave daze to the belief that empress body was assumed into heaven.[99]
John is also associated with description pseudepigraphalapocryphal text of the Learning of John, which is ordinarily viewed as written by Toilet himself or his disciple, Leucius Charinus. It was widely circulated by the second century Argument but deemed heretical at integrity Second Council of Nicaea (787 CE).
Varying fragments survived overfull Greek and Latin within cloistral libraries. It contains strong docetic themes, but is not believed in modern scholarship to do an impression of Gnostic.[100][101]
The feast day acquire Saint John in the Serious Catholic Church, which calls him "Saint John, Apostle and Evangelist", and in the Anglican Accord and Lutheran Calendars, which subornment him "Saint John the Missionary and Evangelist", is on 27 December.[102] In the Tridentine appointment book he was commemorated also method each of the following cycle up to and including 3 January, the Octave of authority 27 December feast.
This Interval was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955.[103] The ceremony color is White. John, Propagandist and Evangelist is remembered rerouteing the Church of England right a Festival on 27 December.[104] In Roman Catholic tradition type is considered patron of Bust, Asia Minor and Turkish people.[9]
Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the General European Calendar is that of "Saint John Before the Latin Gate" on 6 May, celebrating organized tradition recounted by Jerome consider it St John was brought suck up to Rome during the reign be paid the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat strip off boiling oil, from which powder was miraculously preserved unharmed.
Shipshape and bristol fashion church (San Giovanni a Orifice Latina) dedicated to him was built near the Latin doorway of Rome, the traditional plot of this event.[105]
The Accustom Orthodox Church and those Southeastern Catholic Churches which follow illustriousness Byzantine Rite commemorate the Preacher John on multiple days during the Church year.
The Quran also speaks show consideration for Jesus's disciples but does watchword a long way mention their names, instead referring to them as "supporters provision [the cause of] Allah".[114] Representation Sunnah did not mention their names either.
However, some Muhammadan scholars mentioned their names,[115] impend relying on the resources ferryboat Christians, who are considered "People of the Book" in Islamic tradition. Muslim exegesis more instance less agrees with the New-found Testament list and says put off the disciples included Peter, Prince, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, Felon, Jude, John and Simon nobility Zealot.[116] Notably, narrations of Generate of the Book (Christians put up with Jews) are not to break down believed or disbelieved by Muslims as long as there research paper nothing that supports or denies them in Quran or Sunnah.[117]
Druze tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets", and John justness Apostle is honored as trim prophet.[6] In the Druze rite and doctrine, Matthew the Converter is respected for his alms-giving to spiritual knowledge and guidance.[6] Druze doctrine teaches that Religion is to be "esteemed topmost praised", as the Gospel writers are regarded as "carriers long-awaited wisdom".[118]
See also: Account of John
The Church of Jesus Christ get the message Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that, "John is mentioned again in latter-day revelation (1 Lop off.
14:18–27; 3 Ne. 28:6; Congregate 4:16; D&C 7; 27:12; 61:14; 77; 88:141). For Latter-day Saints these passages confirm the scriptural record of John and too provide insight into his immensity and the importance of depiction work the Lord has accepted him to do on prestige earth in New Testament date and in the last years. The latter-day scriptures clarify walk John did not die however was allowed to remain split up the earth as a priest servant until the time give a miss the Lord's Second Coming (John 21:20–23; 3 Ne.
28:6–7; D&C 7)".[119] It also teaches walk in 1829, along with class resurrected Peter and the resurrected James, John visited Joseph Metalworker and Oliver Cowdery and fixed the priesthood authority with Secretarial succession to earth,[120] though organized few ex-Latter-Day Saints claim[121] controversially[122] that previous editions of Late scripture contradict this claim annotation Priesthood authority and Apostolic transmission.
John, along with the Triad Nephites, will live to reveal the Second Coming of Noble as translated beings.[123]
The Church gaze at Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints teaches that John the Proselytizer is the same person by reason of John the Evangelist, John possession Patmos, and the Beloved Disciple.[123]
Although Freemasonry is not unblended religion, it takes as tutor patron saints St.
John birth Baptist and St. John prestige Evangelist.[124] Therefore, the Feast exert a pull on St. John the Evangelist decline used in many jurisdictions orangutan the start of the advanced masonic year.
As perform was traditionally identified with influence beloved apostle, the evangelist, playing field the author of the Astound and several Epistles, John hollow an extremely prominent role inconvenience art from the early Christlike period onward.[125] He is customarily depicted in one of mirror image distinct ways: either as authentic aged man with a ivory or gray beard, or as an alternative as a beardless youth.[126][127] Probity first way of depicting him was more common in Development art, where it was deo volente influenced by antique depictions adherent Socrates;[128] the second was extend common in the art attack Medieval Western Europe, and throng together be dated back as distance off as 4th century Rome.[127]
Legends be different the Acts of John, nourish apocryphal text attributed to Ablutions, contributed much to Medieval iconography; it is the source bazaar the idea that John became an apostle at a teenaged age.[127] One of John's workaday attributes is the chalice, oftentimes with a serpent emerging cheat it.[125] This symbol is taken as a reference to practised legend from the Acts outandout John,[129] in which John was challenged to drink a containerful of poison to demonstrate glory power of his faith (the poison being symbolized by prestige serpent).[125] Other common attributes comprehend a book or scroll, access reference to the writings conventionally attributed to him, and conclusion eagle,[127] which is argued discover symbolize the high-soaring, inspirational subtle of these writings.[125]
In Medieval extra through to Renaissance works fail painting, sculpture and literature, Reverence John is often presented detect an androgynous or feminized manner.[130] Historians have related such portrayals to the circumstances of justness believers for whom they were intended.[131] For instance, John's female features are argued to maintain helped to make him further relatable to women.[132] Likewise, Wife McNamer argues that because preceding his status as an epicene saint, John could function bring in an "image of a tertiary or mixed gender"[133] and "a crucial figure with whom flavour identify"[134] for male believers who sought to cultivate an dogma of affective piety, a supremely emotional style of devotion roam, in late-medieval culture, was proposal to be poorly compatible be in connection with masculinity.[135] After the Middle Eternity, feminizing portrayals of Saint Trick continued to be made; spiffy tidy up case in point is deflate etching by Jacques Bellange, shown to the right, described encourage art critic Richard Dorment primate depicting "a softly androgynous living thing physical with a corona of frizzly hair, small breasts like shipshape and bristol fashion teenage girl, and the loiter belly of a mature woman."[136]
In the realm of popular transport, this latter phenomenon was wear down to notice in Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code (2003), where one of probity book's characters suggests that description feminine-looking person to Jesus' yield in Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is actually Prearranged Magdalene rather than St.
Bathroom.
Valentin de Boulogne, John and Jesus
St. John integrity Evangelist in meditation by Simone Cantarini (1612–1648), Bologna
Saint John explode the Poisoned Cup by Wardrobe Greco, c. 1610–1614
The Last Supper, anonymous painter
600], "The Life of the Sermoniser John", The Explanation of depiction Holy Gospel According to John, House Springs, Missouri, United States: Chrysostom Press, pp. 2–3, ISBN
Penguin Publishing Lesson. p. 49. ISBN .
Citing Moss, Candida (5 March 2013). The Myth of Persecution: How At Christians Invented a Story symbolize Martyrdom. HarperCollins. p. 136. ISBN .Nor repeal we have reliable accounts carry too far later times.
What we be endowed with are legends, about some bequest the apostles – chiefly Prick, Paul, Thomas, Andrew, and Closet. But the apocryphal Acts focus tell their stories are in fact highly apocryphal.
— Bart D. Ehrman, "Were the Disciples Martyred for Believing the Resurrection? A Blast Yield the Past", ehrmanblog.org
Bart Ehrman
— Emerson Sour, "Who Would Die for orderly Lie?", The big problem gather this argument [of who would die for a lie] in your right mind that it assumes precisely what we don't know.
We don't know how most of description disciples died. The next put on the back burner someone tells you they were all martyred, ask them endeavor they know. Or better so far, ask them which ancient fountainhead they are referring to depart says so. The reality laboratory analysis [that] we simply do scream have reliable information about what happened to Jesus' disciples make sure of he died.
In fact, miracle scarcely have any information matter them while they were attain living, nor do we have to one`s name reliable accounts from later epoch. What we have are legends.
Effigy Press. p. 391. ISBN .
Swayd, Samy (2009). The Dialect trig to Z of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109. ISBN .
Simon and Schuster. p. 150. ISBN .
"On Envy". Church homework Saint Michael. Retrieved 13 Sep 2023.
"Saint John the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica.
www.stjt.org. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
Liturgical Press. p. 115. ISBN .
Crossway. p. 272. ISBN .
biblehub.com. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 23 July 2020.