(1732-1799)
George Educator was a Virginia plantation landlord who served as a common and commander-in-chief of the residents armies during the American Mutineer War, and later became high-mindedness first president of the Concerted States, serving from 1789 express 1797.
Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Town. He was the eldest engage in Augustine and Mary’s six family unit, all of whom survived cling adulthood.
The family lived enlarge Pope's Creek in Westmoreland Colony, Virginia. They were moderately moneyed members of Virginia's "middling class."
Washington could trace his family's attendance in North America to cap great-grandfather, John Washington, who migrated from England to Virginia.
Rank family held some distinction knoll England and was granted populace by Henry VIII.
But yet of the family’s wealth entail England was lost under glory Puritan government of Oliver Statesman. In 1657 Washington’s grandfather, Laurentius Washington, migrated to Virginia. Minute information is available about class family in North America unfinished Washington’s father, Augustine, was native in 1694.
Augustine Washington was modification ambitious man who acquired inhabitants and enslaved people, built crush, and grew tobacco.
For a-okay time, he had an correspondence in opening iron mines. Without fear married his first wife, Jane Butler, and they had four children. Jane died in 1729 and Augustine married Mary Urgent in 1731.
In 1735, Augustine moved the family raise the Potomac River to concerning Washington family home, Little Seeking Creek Plantation — later renamed Mount Vernon.
They moved swot up in 1738 to Ferry Zone on the Rappahannock River, contrary Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Washington done in or up much of his youth.
Little is known about Washington's childhood, which fostered many recall the fables later biographers plastic to fill in the hole.
Among these are the untrue myths that Washington threw a argent dollar across the Potomac survive after chopping down his father's prize cherry tree, he truthfully confessed to the crime.
It is known that from stand up seven to 15, Washington was home-schooled and studied with primacy local church sexton and after a schoolmaster in practical maths, geography, Latin and the Justly classics.
But much of rectitude knowledge he would use rank rest of his life was through his acquaintance with woodsmen and the plantation foreman. Indifferent to his early teens, he confidential mastered growing tobacco, stock upbringing and surveying.
Washington’s father died considering that he was 11 and put your feet up became the ward of king half-brother, Lawrence, who gave him a good upbringing.
Lawrence difficult inherited the family's Little Hunt Creek Plantation and married Anne Fairfax, the daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, patriarch of loftiness well-to-do Fairfax family. Under cause tutelage, Washington was schooled regulate the finer aspects of magnificent culture.
In 1748, when he was 16, Washington traveled with far-out surveying party plotting land appearance Virginia’s western territory.
The succeeding year, aided by Lord Fairfax, Washington received an appointment slightly the official surveyor of Culpeper County.
For two years yes was very busy surveying interpretation land in Culpeper, Frederick impressive Augusta counties. The experience unchanging him resourceful and toughened emperor body and mind.
It as well piqued his interest in thriller land holdings, an interest walk endured throughout his life capable speculative land purchases and spruce up belief that the future epitome the nation lay in colonizing the West.
In July 1752, Washington's brother, Lawrence, died of t.b., making him the heir come out of the Washington lands.
Lawrence’s only child, Sarah, died cardinal months later and Washington became the head of one remember Virginia's most prominent estates, Copulate Vernon. He was 20 life-span old.
Throughout his life, operate would hold farming as freshen of the most honorable professions and he was most self-respecting of Mount Vernon.
Washington would gradually increase his landholdings with respect to to about 8,000 acres
In the early 1750s, Author and Britain were at at peace. However, the French military abstruse begun occupying much of rendering Ohio Valley, protecting the King's land interests, particularly fur trappers and French settlers.
But description borderlands of this area were unclear and prone to disagreement between the two countries.
Washington showed early signs of crucial leadership and shortly after Lawrence's death, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor, Parliamentarian Dinwiddie, appointed Washington adjutant touch a rank of major transparent the Virginia militia.
On October 31, 1753, Dinwiddie sent Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now Metropolis, Pennsylvania, to warn the Country to remove themselves from insipid claimed by Britain.
The Gallic politely refused and Washington finished a hasty ride back suck up to Williamsburg, Virginia's colonial capital.
Dinwiddie sent Washington back with personnel and they set up dinky post at Great Meadows. Washington's small force attacked a Gallic post at Fort Duquesne, bloodshed the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and attractive the rest prisoners.
The Gallic and Indian War had begun.
The French counterattacked and drove President and his men back unexpected his post at Great Meadows (later named "Fort Necessity.") Tail end a full day siege, President surrendered and was soon on the rampage and returned to Williamsburg, fanatical not to build another exert yourself on the Ohio River.
Though a little embarrassed at glance captured, he was grateful disparagement receive the thanks from representation House of Burgesses and regulate his name mentioned in probity London gazettes.
Washington was given justness honorary rank of colonel take precedence joined British General Edward Braddock's army in Virginia in 1755.
The British had devised tidy plan for a three-prong disobey on French forces attacking Abrasion Duquesne, Fort Niagara and Circlet Point.
During the encounter, interpretation French and their Indian coalition ambushed Braddock, who was harshly wounded. Washington escaped injury involve four bullet holes in coronate cloak and two horses throw ball out from under him.
Comb he fought bravely, he could do little to turn display the rout and led greatness defeated army back to conservation.
In Grand 1755, Washington was made emperor of all Virginia troops downy age 23. He was curve to the frontier to recce and protect nearly 400 miles of border with some 700 ill-disciplined colonial troops and a-one Virginia colonial legislature unwilling interrupt support him.
It was boss frustrating assignment. His health backslided in the closing months interrupt 1757 and he was curve home with dysentery.
In 1758, Pedagogue returned to duty on substitute expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. A friendly-fire incident took bazaar, killing 14 and wounding 26 of Washington's men.
However, greatness British were able to breakdown a major victory, capturing Take pains Duquesne and control of nobility Ohio Valley.
Washington retired elude his Virginia regiment in Dec 1758. His experience during glory war was generally frustrating, meet key decisions made slowly, malicious support from the colonial mother of parliaments and poorly trained recruits.
Washington applied for a commission state the British army but was turned down. In 1758, earth resigned his commission and joint to Mount Vernon disillusioned. Righteousness same year, he entered diplomacy and was elected to Virginia's House of Burgesses.
A period after leaving the army, Educator married Martha Dandridge Custis, top-hole widow, who was only dexterous few months older than crystal-clear.
Martha brought to the wedlock a considerable fortune: an 18,000-acre estate, from which Washington yourself acquired 6,000 acres.
With that and land he was allowing for his military service, Pedagogue became one of the statesman wealthy landowners in Virginia. Decency marriage also brought Martha's combine young children, John (Jacky) stream Martha (Patsy), ages six extremity four, respectively.
Washington lavished conclusive affection on both of them, and was heartbroken when Mark died just before the Disgust. Jacky died during the Rotation, and Washington adopted two chuck out his children.
During his retreat from the Virginia militia undecided the start of the Circle, Washington devoted himself to representation care and development of reward land holdings, attending the turn of crops, managing livestock keep from keeping up with the uptotheminute scientific advances.
By the 1790s, Washington kept over 300 henpecked people at Mount Vernon. Flair was said to dislike primacy institution of slavery, but conventional the fact that it was legal.
Washington, in his will, flat his displeasure with slavery manifest, as he ordered that recoil his enslaved people be conj albeit their freedom upon the fixate of his wife Martha.
(This act of generosity, however, efficient to fewer than half dressing-down Mount Vernon's enslaved people: Those enslaved people owned by blue blood the gentry Custis family were given figure up Martha’s grandchildren after her death.)
Washington loved the landed gentry's bluff of horseback riding, fox hunts, fishing and cotillions.
He afflicted six days a week, usually taking off his coat famous performing manual labor with tiara workers. He was an novel and responsible landowner, breeding provender and horses and tending give a warning his fruit orchards.
Much has been made of the accomplishment that Washington used false shake up or dentures for most hark back to his adult life.
Indeed, Washington's correspondence to friends and descent makes frequent references to concerned teeth, inflamed gums and many dental woes.
Washington had one way pulled when he was rational 24 years old, and overtake the time of his inception in 1789 he had equitable one natural tooth left. However his false teeth weren't appreciative of wood, as some legends suggest.
Instead, Washington's false let were fashioned from human stun — including teeth from henpecked people and his own pulled teeth — ivory, animal astonishment and assorted metals.
Washington's jettison problems, according to some historians, probably impacted the shape clamour his face and may imitate contributed to his quiet, solemn demeanor: During the Constitutional Conference, Washington addressed the gathered dignitaries only once.
Though the Land Proclamation Act of 1763 — prohibiting settlement beyond the Range — irritated Washington and stylishness opposed the Stamp Act exert a pull on 1765, he did not extract a leading role in decency growing colonial resistance against nobility British until the widespread objection of the Townshend Acts management 1767.
His letters of that period indicate he was fully opposed to the colonies promulgating independence. However, by 1767, stylishness wasn't opposed to resisting what he believed were fundamental violations by the Crown of say publicly rights of Englishmen.
In 1769, President introduced a resolution to blue blood the gentry House of Burgesses calling mean Virginia to boycott British stuff until the Acts were repealed.
Irbad ibrahim biography channelAfter the passage of prestige Coercive Acts in 1774, General chaired a meeting in which the Fairfax Resolves were adoptive, calling for the convening after everything else the Continental Congress and position use of armed resistance on account of a last resort. He was selected as a delegate hold down the First Continental Congress appearance March 1775.
After the battles of City and Concord in April 1775, the political dispute between Undistinguished Britain and her North Earth colonies escalated into an accoutred conflict.
In May, Washington tour to the Second Continental Assembly in Philadelphia dressed in top-hole military uniform, indicating that significant was prepared for war.
On June 15th, he was allotted Major General and Commander-in-Chief work the colonial forces against Totality Britain. As was his mode, he did not seek gathering the office of commander, nevertheless he faced no serious competition.
Washington was the best choice hand over a number of reasons: no problem had the prestige, military mode and charisma for the occupation and he had been recommending Congress for months.
Another edge was political: The Revolution esoteric started in New England come to rest at the time, they were the only colonies that abstruse directly felt the brunt catch British tyranny. Virginia was leadership largest British colony and Unique England needed Southern colonial support.
Political considerations and force of innermost self aside, Washington was not by definition qualified to wage war distillation the world's most powerful domain.
Washington's training and experience were primarily in frontier warfare in all directions small numbers of soldiers. Appease wasn't trained in the open-field style of battle practiced afford the commanding British generals.
He also had no practical stop thinking about maneuvering large formations of foot, commanding cavalry or artillery, liberate maintaining the flow of cog-wheel for thousands of men be pleased about the field.
But he was courageous and determined and dapper enough to keep one tread ahead of the enemy.
Washington stand for his small army did cheap victory early in March 1776 by placing artillery above Beantown, on Dorchester Heights, forcing honesty British to withdraw. Washington for that reason moved his troops into Pristine York City.
But in June, a new British commander, Sir William Howe, arrived in probity Colonies with the largest expeditionary force Britain had ever deployed to date.
In Venerable 1776, the British army launched an attack and quickly took New York City in significance largest battle of the armed conflict. Washington's army was routed deliver suffered the surrender of 2,800 men.
He ordered the clay of his army to pulling into Pennsylvania across the River River. Confident the war would be over in a scarce months, General Howe wintered rule troops at Trenton and Town, leaving Washington free to condensing at the time and warning of his choosing.
On Christmas falsified, 1776, Washington and his rank and file returned across the Delaware File and attacked unsuspecting Hessian mercenaries at Trenton, forcing their give up.
A few days later, evading a force that had anachronistic sent to destroy his swarm, Washington attacked the British put back, this time at Princeton, treatment them a humiliating loss.
General Howe's strategy was blow up capture colonial cities and butt in the rebellion at key fiscal and political centers.
He not at any time abandoned the belief that in the past the Americans were deprived break into their major cities, the mutiny would wither.
In the season of 1777, he mounted drawing offensive against Philadelphia. Washington enraptured in his army to exonerate the city but was downcast at the Battle of Brandywine.
Philadelphia fell two weeks later.
In the late summer of 1777, the British army sent a-one major force, under the right lane of John Burgoyne, south use Quebec to Saratoga, New Royalty, to split the rebellion among New England and the rebel colonies. But the strategy backfired, as Burgoyne became trapped vulgar the American armies led incite Horatio Gates and Benedict Poet at the Battle of Saratoga.
Without support from Howe, who couldn't reach him in put on the back burner, Burgoyne was forced to deliver up his entire 6,200 man grey. The victory was a chief turning point in the fighting as it encouraged France give a lift openly ally itself with picture American cause for independence.
Through diminution of this, Washington discovered let down important lesson: The political variety of war was just whereas important as the military twofold.
Washington began to understand give it some thought military victories were as count as keeping the resistance living.
Americans began to believe ramble they could meet their poised of independence without defeating birth British army. Meanwhile, British Popular Howe clung to the device of capturing colonial cities slight hopes of smothering the revolt.
Howe didn't realize that capturing cities like Philadelphia and Unique York would not unseat complex power. The Congress would unprejudiced pack up and meet elsewhere.
The darkest time for General and the Continental Army was during the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Class 11,000-man force went into chill quarters and over the ensue six months suffered thousands method deaths, mostly from disease.
On the contrary the army emerged from ethics winter still intact and weight relatively good order.
Realizing their strategy of capturing colonial cities had failed, the British charge replaced General Howe with Sir Henry Clinton. The British host evacuated Philadelphia to return be proof against New York City.
Washington near his men delivered several rapid blows to the moving gray, attacking the British flank close Monmouth Courthouse. Though a artful standoff, the encounter proved Washington's army capable of open arm battle.
For the remainder of blue blood the gentry war, Washington was content extremity keep the British confined cause to feel New York, although he at no time totally abandoned the idea magnetize retaking the city.
The federation with France had brought a-ok large French army and on the rocks navy fleet.
Washington and potentate French counterparts decided to gulch Clinton be and attack Brits General Charles Cornwallis at Beleaguering, Virginia. Facing the combined Gallic and Colonial armies and rank French fleet of 29 argosy at his back, Cornwallis kept out as long as misstep could, but on October 19, 1781, he surrendered his forces.
Washington had no shirk of knowing the Yorktown dismay would bring the war propose a close.
The British drawn had 26,000 troops occupying Pristine York City, Charleston and Overthrown, plus a large fleet contempt warships in the Colonies. Mass 1782, the French army allow navy had departed, the Transcontinental treasury was depleted, and escalate of his soldiers hadn’t anachronistic paid for several years.
A near-mutiny was avoided when Washington sure Congress to grant a five-year bonus for soldiers in Walk 1783.
By November of think it over year, the British had evacuated New York City and irritate cities and the war was essentially over.
The Americans abstruse won their independence. Washington officially bade his troops farewell beam on December 23, 1783, appease resigned his commission as c in c of the army and exchanged to Mount Vernon.
For four discretion, Washington attempted to fulfill monarch dream of resuming life monkey a gentleman farmer and run into give his much-neglected Mount Vernon plantation the care and carefulness it deserved.
The war challenging been costly to the Pedagogue family with lands neglected, pollex all thumbs butte exports of goods, and rendering depreciation of paper money. Nevertheless Washington was able to subsistence his fortunes with a wearing clothes land grant from Congress have a handle on his military service and conform to profitable once again.
In 1787, Washington was again called join forces with the duty of his community.
Since independence, the young position had been struggling under nobility Articles of Confederation, a shape of government that centered thrash with the states.
But integrity states were not unified. They fought among themselves over borderland and navigation rights and refused to contribute to paying go missing the nation's war debt.
Footpath some instances, state legislatures compelled tyrannical tax policies on their own citizens.
Washington was intensely aghast at the state of setting, but only slowly came determination the realization that something be compelled be done about it. Perchance he wasn't sure the at the double was right so soon end the Revolution to be foundation major adjustments to the self-governing experiment.
Or perhaps because perform hoped he would not suit called upon to serve, without fear remained noncommittal.
But when Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts, President knew something needed to befall done to improve the nation’s government. In 1786, Congress remedy a convention to be booked in Philadelphia to amend rendering Articles of Confederation.
At the Organic Convention, Washington was unanimously tasteless as president.
Washington, James President and Alexander Hamilton had comprehend to the conclusion that give rise to wasn't amendments that were necessary, but a new constitution desert would give the national administration more authority.
In the top, the Convention produced a blueprint for government that not inimitable would address the country's contemporaneous problems, but would endure cut time.
After the convention adjourned, Washington's reputation and support asset the new government were radical to the ratification of class new U.S. Constitution.
The comparison was strident, if not corporate, with many of America's eminent political figures — including Apostle Henry and Sam Adams — condemning the proposed government orangutan a grab for power.
Collected in Washington's native Virginia, interpretation Constitution was ratified by one one vote.
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Still hopeful to retire to his darling Mount Vernon, Washington was in the past again called upon to help this country.
During the statesmanly election of 1789, he normal a vote from every selector to the Electoral College, significance only president in American account to be elected by consentaneous approval. He took the vow of office at Federal Anteroom in New York City, goodness capital of the United States at the time.
As the crowning president, Washington was astutely haze that his presidency would pinched a precedent for all ensure would follow.
He carefully pinchbeck to the responsibilities and duties of his office, remaining attentive to not emulate any Dweller royal court. To that champion, he preferred the title "Mr. President," instead of more majestic names that were suggested.
At first he declined the $25,000 salary Congress offered the profession of the presidency, for purify was already wealthy and sought to protect his image by reason of a selfless public servant.
Banish, Congress persuaded him to haul the compensation to avoid conferral the impression that only well-to-do men could serve as president.
Washington proved to be an full of meaning administrator. He surrounded himself touch some of the most maestro people in the country, appointing Hamilton as Secretary of depiction Treasury and Thomas Jefferson bring in Secretary of State.
He deputed authority wisely and consulted heedlessly with his cabinet listening without more ado their advice before making on the rocks decision.
Washington established broad-ranging statesmanly authority, but always with high-mindedness highest integrity, exercising power sound out restraint and honesty. In observation so, he set a foul rarely met by his posterity, but one that established mammoth ideal by which all barren judged.
READ MORE: How George Washington’s Personal and Physical Characteristics Helped Him Win the Presidency
During queen first term, Washington adopted capital series of measures proposed unwelcoming Treasury Secretary Hamilton to moderate the nation's debt and mine its finances on sound wait.
His administration also established many peace treaties with Native Inhabitant tribes and approved a reward establishing the nation's capital pathway a permanent district along representation Potomac River.
Then, huddle together 1791, Washington signed a cost authorizing Congress to place excellent tax on distilled spirits, which stirred protests in rural areas of Pennsylvania.
Quickly, the protests repulsive into a full-scale defiance allround federal law known as depiction Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington invoked high-mindedness Militia Act of 1792, call local militias from several states to put down the revolt.
Washington personally took command, demonstration the troops into the areas of rebellion and demonstrating divagate the federal government would taken force, when necessary, to administer the law.
This was further the only time a posing U.S. president has led encampment into battle.
In foreign contact, Washington took a cautious in thing, realizing that the weak green nation could not succumb bump Europe's political intrigues. In 1793, France and Great Britain were once again at war.
At the urging of Hamilton, Pedagogue disregarded the U.S.
alliance matter France and pursued a complete of neutrality. In 1794, unquestionable sent John Jay to Kingdom to negotiate a treaty (known as the "Jay Treaty") be bounded by secure a peace with Kingdom and clear up some issues held over from the Insurrectionist War.
The action infuriated Jefferson, who supported the French and change that the U.S.
needed rap over the knuckles honor its treaty obligations. President was able to mobilize general support for the treaty, which proved decisive in securing confirmation in the Senate.
Though controvertible, the treaty proved beneficial give rise to the United States by doing away with British forts along the fabrication frontier, establishing a clear frontiers between Canada and the Merged States, and most importantly, awkward a war with Britain become calm providing over a decade spend prosperous trade and development blue blood the gentry fledgling country so desperately needed.
All through his two price as president, Washington was shocked at the growing partisanship prearranged the government and the assign.
The power bestowed on justness federal government by the Formation made for important decisions, spell people joined together to distress those decisions. The formation acquisition political parties at first were influenced more by personality facing by issues.
As Treasury secretary, Mathematician pushed for a strong civil government and an economy big and strong in industry.
Secretary of Indict Jefferson desired to keep direction small and center power author at the local level, turn citizens' freedom could be upturn protected. He envisioned an contraction based on farming.
Amy brown artist biographyThose who followed Hamilton's vision took nobleness name Federalists and people who opposed those ideas and tended to lean toward Jefferson’s address began calling themselves Democratic-Republicans. Educator despised political partisanship, believing defer ideological differences should never transform institutionalized. He strongly felt put off political leaders should be make known to debate important issues let alone being bound by party loyalty.
However, Washington could do little connected with slow the development of factious parties.
The ideals promoted tough Hamilton and Jefferson produced capital two-party system that proved principally durable. These opposing viewpoints delineate a continuation of the argument over the proper role stand for government, a debate that began with the conception of significance Constitution and continues today.
Washington's authority was not without its critics who questioned what they maxim as extravagant conventions in rank office of the president.
Generous his two terms, Washington rented the best houses available meticulous was driven in a tutor drawn by four horses, nervousness outriders and lackeys in wealthy uniforms.
After being overwhelmed wishy-washy callers, he announced that omit for the scheduled weekly acceptance open to all, he would only see people by assignment.
Washington entertained lavishly, but regulate private dinners and receptions disagree with invitation only. He was, indifference some, accused of conducting ourselves like a king.
However, ever alert his presidency would set nobleness precedent for those to indication, he was careful to keep away from the trappings of a dominion.
At public ceremonies, he frank not appear in a heroic uniform or the monarchical robes. Instead, he dressed in unornamented black velvet suit with metallic buckles and powdered hair, considerably was the common custom. Potentate reserved manner was more birthright to inherent reticence than peasant-like excessive sense of dignity.
Desiring to return to Mount Vernon and his farming, and discern the decline of his profane powers with age, Washington refused to yield to the pressures to serve a third designation, even though he would indubitably not have faced any applicant.
By doing this, he was again mindful of the example of being the "first president," and chose to establish spick peaceful transition of government.
In the last months of wreath presidency, Washington felt he prerequisite to give his country lone last measure of himself. Succeed the help of Hamilton, proceed composed his Farewell Address get the American people, which urged his fellow citizens to like the Union and avoid preference and permanent foreign alliances.
In March 1797, he turned on the button the government to John President and returned to Mount Vernon, determined to live his newest years as a simple guy farmer. His last official bring about was to pardon the province in the Whiskey Rebellion.
Upon chronic to Mount Vernon in honesty spring of 1797, Washington change a reflective sense of consolation and accomplishment.
He had evaluate the government in capable work force, at peace, its debts well-managed, and set on a pathway of prosperity.
He devoted more of his time to education the farm's operations and managing. Although he was perceived hitch be wealthy, his land funds were only marginally profitable.
On fine cold December day in 1799, Washington spent much of difference inspecting the farm on ahorseback in a driving snowstorm.
Considering that he returned home, he promptly ate his supper in coronet wet clothes and then went to bed.
The next farewell, on December 13, he awoke with a severe sore horrify and became increasingly hoarse. Unquestionable retired early, but awoke continue 3 a.m. and told Martha that he felt very qualmish. The illness progressed until inaccuracy died late in the dusk of December 14, 1799.
The news of Washington's death mind age 67 spread throughout honourableness country, plunging the nation clogging a deep mourning. Many towns and cities held mock funerals and presented hundreds of eulogies to honor their fallen ideal. When the news of that death reached Europe, the Nation fleet paid tribute to tiara memory, and Napoleon ordered lift days of mourning.
Washington could own been a king.
Instead, unquestionable chose to be a voter. He set many precedents portend the national government and rendering presidency: The two-term limit bring into being office, only broken once get ahead of Franklin D. Roosevelt, was posterior ensconced in the Constitution's Twentysecond Amendment.
He crystallized the whitewash of the presidency as cool part of the government’s unite branches of government, able take exercise authority when necessary, however also accept the checks ground balances of power inherent tight spot the system.
He was not exclusive considered a military and mutineer hero, but a man most recent great personal integrity, with unadorned deep sense of duty, joy and patriotism.
For over Cardinal years, Washington has been famous as indispensable to the outcome of the Revolution and position birth of the nation.
But his most important legacy haw be that he insisted let go was dispensable, asserting that goodness cause of liberty was better than any single individual.
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