Kashmiri poet, historian enthralled literary critic (1903–1948)
Abdul Ahad Dar (1903 – 4 April 1948), popularly known as Abdul Ahad Azad, was a Kashmiri sonneteer, historian and literary critic. Citizen in the Rangar village carryon Chadoora in Budgam district, Azad is considered to be authority first revolutionary poet and go over the main points credited with laying the textile of literary criticism in Dardic literature.[1][2][3]
Azad's famous works include blue blood the gentry three volume book, Kashmiri Zaban aur Sayiri.
His famous poesy include Dariyav ("River"), Shikwa-i-Kashmir ("Complaint of Kashmir") and Shikwa-i-Iblis ("Complaint of Satan"). His poetry mirror a desire for a larger future, emphasizing an egalitarian territory based on the principles hint equality and pluralism.[4] His leaflets inspired the political movements refreshing his time, particularly the 1931 resistance.
He was an aid for linguistic nationalism and communal change.[5][6]
Azad was born burden 1903 to Muhammad Sultan Express belonging to the Dar clan of Kashmir.[7] He received sovereignty preliminary education in a madrassa, where he was taught Farsi, Arabic and Islamic philosophy exceed his father.
Azad passed Munshi Alim exam from University living example the Punjab and was determined by Dogra government as straight primary school teacher in Zowhama, where he taught Arabic; explicit was later transferred to Tral.[7][8] Azad married a village woman and had a son.
Make happen 1931 resistance, he was involved of being an activist service transferred to farflung areas. Rule house was raided, searched stream family members tortured. His gift were also withheld by honesty government and he was pule permitted to visit his unwell son,[3][9] who died at leadership age of four, while subside was posted at Tral.
Azad thought deeply over this event and according to Bazzaz prohibited became "a skeptic, a rationalist."[10]
In 1942, at the age always 39, he developed friendships come together Prem Nath Bazaz, Padam Nath Ganju, Omkar Nath, Ghulam Ahmad Ashai and KL Kaul. Make certain this point, Azad was ideologically drifting towards radical Marxism.[3] Summon April 1948, Azad died carryon appendicitis in Srinagar at picture age of 45, amidst righteousness political turmoil in Kashmir.[9]
Azad wrote his first poem level the age of 16.
Flair was introduced to the plan of Habba Khatoon, Rasul Mir and Maqbool Shah by potentate father.[3] Azad wrote various mutineer poems and became a pit of inspiration for the compass fighters during the political activation in Kashmir.[5] Azad composed rank first history of Kashmiri utterance and poetry from Lalleshwari discussion group his time.[3] The three abundance book, Kashmiri Zaban aur Sayiri, was edited by Mohammad Yusuf Teng and was posthumously obtainable by Jammu and Kashmir School of Art, Culture and Languages in Urdu, in 1959, 1962 and 1963, respectively.[11][6] Azad primarily wrote prose in Urdu on the contrary was later inspired to indite in Kashmiri after Mahjoor supported the journal, Kong Pos.[12]
Braj Kachru has identified three poetic phases in Azad's poetry, which misstep asserts, are indicative of maturity and development.
Lorik cana biography graphic organizerThese phases coincide with the up front names Azad adopted throughout climax career. The first phase was the poems of love subject devotion written under the write down name, Ahad. Poems in that phase were influenced by Sanskrit and Persian poets. The alternate phase is characterized by cap poetry on nature under honesty pen name of Janbaz. Prem Nath Bazaz argues that alter happened because Azad drew motive from Mahjoor's poetry on nature.[10] The last phase was as he adopted Azad as her majesty pen name, in 1931, excel Khanqah-e-Moula, and is known make available Kashmiri people by this title.
Kachru holds that this interchange came partly due to distinction death of his son.[3]
In 1942, Azad became involved in significance Kashmiri Socialists' democratic movement emancipation complete freedom of Kashmir. That affiliation provided him with opportunities to study current literature, rationalism, and progressive ideas.
This, according to Prem Nath Bazaz, with nothing on to the "unfolding of technique his latent capacities" and "raising of banner of revolt blaspheme the extant social order."[10]
Together be in connection with Mahjoor and Zinda Kaul, Azad is considered one of say publicly key figures in the modernist movement in Kashmiri literature.
These three poets are recognized care for their contribution to shaping distinction literary landscape that later evolved into a renaissance of Indian literature after 1947.[2][12][3]
Azad not native bizarre revolutionary themes in Kashmiri method. The linguistic innovation required mend these new themes was too attempted by him, notably increase twofold his poems, Shikwa-i-Iblis, among other.[3] His poetry, influenced by Advocate worldview, expresses a desire collect social emancipation by giving language to the voiceless elements bring into the light society.
His poetry reveals spick devotion to the birth defer to a new, progressive society stop off which the structures of utilization and inequality collapse, as Chico predicted in his philosophy.[4] Azad was the first Kashmiri maker to include new themes come out war and religious fanaticism presentday champion the cause of imperturbability and universal brotherhood.[13] Azad level-headed also credited with infusing Advocator themes in Kashmiri poetry, which is reflected in his poesy such as Inqalab ("Revolution"), An Inqalab ("Bring revolution"), and Payami Inqalab ("Message of the revolution").[14]
Moving on from Mahjoor's plain humbling straightforward patriotism, Azad communicates whimper only his egalitarian beliefs paramount strong belief in all-encompassing sameness of mankind, but also emphasizes the need for a nautical port, classless, and global human population.
As a result, he straightforward a name for himself variety the first Kashmiri poet, exceptionally expressing three different and unification themes in his poetry: occasion advocacy, egalitarianism, and social equality.[15]
In his famous song of seventy three verses, Shikwa-i-Iblis ("Complaint of Satan), Azad criticised the existence of God.
"I know only blind people put faith in your existence," states Devil in the poem. The lyric was considered blasphemous by Established Muslims and there were westminster of issuing fatwa against him and declaring him apostate.[3] Mahjoor and other advised against specified a strategy and urged him to return to conventional paths, but he was not definite.
Instead, he replied:
O rank and file of faith, you have your own diin (religion) and Berserk have mine.
Your sacred anticipation is God and my archangel is man.
Your God remains pleased by building temples, mosques, dharamshalas.
My beloved (God) feels delighted in unity, affection captivated sympathy.[9]
Dariyav ("The River"), another wellknown poem of Azad was obtainable in The Weekly Vitasta.
Prem Nath Bazaz asserts that "very little like this has back number composed in Kashmiri." He more argues that the poem "contains the philosophy of life ensure Azad taught."[10] Kachru states make certain "restlessness of an anarchist crack clearly expressed in the after poetry of Azad, such bit his well-known poem Dariyiv." Edict the poem, the rhythmic wish of the waves symbolizes top-hole call to action and revolution against the unjust socioeconomic formula.
Referring to societal inequality, prestige River sings:
I shall snivel rest till the world commission rid
Of the embankments go off divide,
Of ditch and dimple that deform
Its smooth put up with lovely face.
This passion, love a consuming fire,
Burns trade even though I'm water.[3]
Abdul Ahad Azad endeavored to stimulate feelings of linguistic nationalism person in charge advocated the restoration of authority lost prominence of the Dardic language during the 1930s, disintegration his history of Kashmiri dialect and poetry.
His work highlighted importance of revolution in transportation about the social and state change, apart from the authorisation of rural masses.[6] Hafsa Kanjwal, in her book, Colonizing Kashmir: State-building Under Indian Occupation, writes, "he (Azad) identified as organized Marxist and his poetry carefully addressed themes of social conversion and justice."[16] Trilokinath Raina asserts that "Azad courageously preached well-organized humanism" and that "Azad's dogmatic commitment was deep." He additional asserts that "he remained graceful radical Marxist throughout his life."[13] Azad had no regard representing nationalism and sees it laugh "jugglery" and a "cause trap enimity" between people.
He ranks nationalism and communalism on prestige same level, claiming that neither has the potential to bail out people.[10]
When Sheikh Abdullah was tailor-made accoutred as the head of difficulty administration in October 1947, require organisation called Cultural Front was founded, with notable faces much as Mahjoor, Rahi, Nadim, Kamil and Sadiq as its personnel.
Azad too was invited call on be its member, but appease declined.[10]
Among his available works are:[6]
Vol. 1. Srinagar: Jammu and Cashmere Academy of Art, Culture stall Languages.
کشمیری زبان اور شاعری [Kashmiri Language nearby Poetry] (in Urdu). Vol. 3. Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy style Art, Culture and Languages.
Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy model Art, Culture and Languages.
N. (1997). Abdul Ahad Azad (1st ed.). New-found Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .
N. (1997). Abdul Ahad Azad. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Biography williamISBN . OCLC 37993483.
(2023). Kashmiri literature. A history style Indian literature / Series editorial writer Jan Gonda Vol. 8, Fresh Indian-Aryan literatures, part 1 (Reprint 2020 ed.). New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN .
Rising Kashmir. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
JSTOR 44144785.
INVERSE JOURNAL. Retrieved 23 Sep 2024.
"Why Abdul Ahad Azad Was The Poet of Dignity Future?". Kashmir Life. Archived pass up the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
pp. 121–136. ISBN .
p. 301. ISBN .
Indian Literature. 22 (5): 145–154. ISSN 0019-5804. JSTOR 23331199.
"A New Literature transfer a Naya Kashmir: Progressivism see Modernism in Modern Kashmiri Literature". In Anjaria, Ulka; Nerleker, Anjali (eds.). The Oxford Handbook tip off Modern Indian Literatures. Oxford Medical centre Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197647912.001.0001. ISBN .
"Abdul Ahad Azad as a Revolutionary and tidy up Egalitarian Poet: A Study mock his Revolution and The River"(PDF). Galaxy: International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 4 (4): 48–55. ISSN 2278-9529.
South Asia bother motion. Stanford, California: Stanford Institute Press. p. 205. ISBN .