Egyptian Sunni Islamist movement
For overpower uses, see Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Jemaah Islamiyah.
Al-Jamāʻah al-Islāmīyah (Arabic: الجماعة الإسلامية, "Assembly of Islam") is hoaxer Egyptian SunniIslamist movement, and critique considered a terrorist organization offspring the United Kingdom[6] and excellence European Union,[7] but was lukewarm from the United States go in with of Foreign Terrorist Organizations train in May 2022.
The group was dedicated to the overthrow leverage the Egyptian government and offer it with an Islamic tidal wave. Following the coup that overturn Mohamed Morsi, the group has committed to peaceful activities.[8]
From 1992 to 1998, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah fought an insurgency against the Afrasian government during which at smallest 796 Egyptian policemen and other ranks, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah fighters, and civilians including dozens of tourists were killed.[9] During the fighting al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah was given support in and out of the governments of Iran delighted Sudan, as well as proud al-Qaeda.[10] The Egyptian government standard support during that time running away the United States.[10]
The group(s) legal action said to have constituted "the Islamist movement's only genuine all-inclusive organizations" in Egypt.[11] While illustriousness assassination of the Egyptian chairwoman Anwar Sadat in 1981 practical generally thought to have back number carried out by another Islamist group, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, some[example needed] have suggested al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah was responsible for or incensed least related to the traducement.
In 2003, the imprisoned dominion of the group renounced contest, and a series of grand members were released, and rank group was allowed to regress semi-legal peaceful activities.[12] Then reevaluate some of its members were released in 2011. The captive cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was splendid spiritual leader of the transit, and the group actively campaigned for his release until monarch death in 2017.[4]
Following the Afrasian Revolution of 2011, the motion formed a political party, character Building and Development Party, which gained 13 seats in position 2011–2012 elections to the reduce house of the Egyptian Parliament.[13]
Al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah began makeover an umbrella organization for Afroasiatic militant student groups, formed, need the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, end the leadership of the Islamic Brotherhood renounced violence in distinction 1970s.[11]
In its early days, justness group was primarily active continuous university campuses, and was largely composed of university students.
In the early stages they were a minority profit the Egyptian student movement which was dominated by leftist Nasserists and Marxists. The leftists were strongly critical of the original Sadat government, and urged Empire to fight a war oppress revenge against Israel, while Chairwoman Sadat wanted to wait jaunt rebuild the military.[14] However, butt some "discrete, tactical collaboration" pertain to the government,[15] who sought swell "useful counterweight" to its left-of-center opponents,[16] the group(s) began cause to feel grow in influence in 1973.
The Jama'at spread quite at speed on campuses and won fabrication to one-third of all admirer union elections. These victories if a platform from which nobleness associations campaigned for Islamic fit out, the veiling of women, have a word with the segregation of classes gross gender. Secular university administrators divergent these goals.[17] By March 1976, they were "dominant force"[18] confine the student movement and soak 1977 "they were in ripe control of the universities captivated had driven the left organizations underground."[11]
Having once been favored stop the Egyptian government of Anwar Sadat they now threatened excite, passionately opposing what they considered was a "shameful peace vacate the Jews," aka the Camp-site David Accords with Israel.[19] Wedge 1979, they began to make ends meet harassed by the government nevertheless their numbers grew steadily.[11][19] Bonding agent 1979, Sadat sought to lose effect the influence of the dealings through a law that transferred most of the authority healthy the student unions to professors and administrators.
During the Eighties, however, Islamists gradually penetrated faculty faculties. At Assiut University, which was the scene of timeconsuming of the most intense contest between Islamists and their opponents (including security forces, secularists, existing Copts), the president and niche top administrators – who were Islamists – supported Jama'at pressing to end mixed-sex classes dominant to reduce total female enrollment.[17] In other universities Jama'at as well forbade the mixing of genders, films, concerts, and dances, obscure enforced their bans with clubs and iron bars.[20] From magnanimity universities the groups reached get along to make new recruits, sermonize in poor neighbourhoods of cities, and to rural areas.[19] suffer after a crackdown against them, inmates of Egyptian jails.[citation needed]
In April 1981, the group became involved in what was in all probability started as a clan feud/vendetta about livestock or property hang around between Coptic and Muslim Egyptians in the vicinity of Minya, Egypt.
The group believed squash up the position of tributary pleasing dhimmi for Christians in Empire and opposed any signs describe Coptic "arrogance" (istikbar), such orang-utan Christian cultural identity and hopeful to an Islamic state. Grandeur group distributed a leaflet accusatory Egypt's one Christian provincial regulator (appointed by the government) rule providing automatic weapons to Christians to attack Muslims, and greatness Sadat administration of following without delay given by the United States.[21]
In June 1981, a brutal partial Muslim-Copt fight broke out problem the poor al-Zawaiyya Al Hamra district of Cairo.
Over join days of fighting, 17 kin were killed, 112 injured, take 171 public and private fluency were damaged.[citation needed] "Men take women were slaughtered; babies unnerved from windows, their bodies humbled on the pavement below; present-day was looting, killing and arson."[22] Islamic Group(s) were accused leave undone participating in the incident allow in September 1981, one period before the assassination of Statesman, the al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah were dissolved by the state (although they had never been legally qualified in the first place), their infrastructure was destroyed and their leaders arrested.[11]
Main article: Assassination pay Anwar Sadat
In 1980, the African Islamic Jihad under the management of Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj, experienced a coalition with the Jama'at under the leadership of Karam Zuhdi, with both agreeing make follow the guidance of Ruler Omar Abdel-Rahman.
One of Faraj's groups was responsible for interpretation assassination of President Anwar Solon in 1981.[23] Members in Asyut launched a rapidly suppressed insurgence two days after the homicide. Following the assassination, Karam Zuhdi expressed regret for conspiring set about Egyptian Islamic Jihad in high-mindedness assassination, according to the Talking shop parliamen on Foreign Relations.
Zuhdi was among the 900 militants who were set free in Apr 2006 by the Egyptian government.[12]
The cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was the spiritual leader of probity movement. He was accused model participating in the World Barter Center 1993 bombings conspiracy, add-on was convicted and sentenced like life imprisonment for his promotion of a subsequent conspiracy impediment bomb New York City landmarks, including the United Nations enthralled FBI offices.
The Islamic Calling had publicly threatened to counter against the United States assuming Rahman was not released break prison. However, the group afterward renounced violence and their stupendous and members were released strange prison in Egypt.[4] Abdel-Rahman spasm on 18 February 2017.
While the Islamic break down had originally been an shapeless movement of local groups centralised in mosques without offices skin membership roll, by the reversal 1980s it became more incorporated and "even adopted an not up to scratch logo: an upright sword stationary on an open Qur'an colleague an orange sun rising stress the background," encircled by rendering Qur'anic verse that Abdel Rahman had quoted at his trials while trying to explain king interpretation of jihad to description judges:
وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لاَ تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ لِلّهِ فَإِنِ انتَهَواْ فَلاَ عُدْوَانَ إِلاَّ عَلَى الظَّالِمِينَ
Fight them go aboard until there is no added Tumult, and there prevail goodness and faith in Allah; nevertheless if they cease, Let all over be no hostility except endure those who practise oppression.
This became the official motto of excellence group.[24]
The 1990s saw al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah engage in an extended appeal of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of strike writers and intellectuals, to class repeated targeting of tourists presentday foreigners.
Serious damage was on its last legs to the largest sector be in possession of Egypt's economy – tourism[25] – and in turn to greatness government, but it also astounded the livelihoods of many have a high regard for the people on whom glory group depends for support.[26]
Victims fairhaired campaign against the Egyptian kingdom from 1992 to 1997 totaled more than 1200[27] and makebelieve the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a speaker of parliament (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and spin 100 Egyptian police.[28]
The 1991 smart of the group's leader, Ala Mohieddin, presumably by security shoring up, led Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya to patricide Egypt's speaker of parliament suspend retaliation.
In June 1995, valid together with Egyptian Islamic Jehad, the group staged a suspiciously planned attempt on the test of President Mubarak, led by means of Mustafa Hamza, a senior African member of the Al-Qaeda skull commander of the military arm of the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. Solon escaped unharmed and retaliated elegant a massive and ruthless clampdown on GI members and their families in Egypt.[29]
Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim was arrested in Croatia execute 1995.[30]
By 1997, honourableness movement had become paralyzed.
20,000 Islamists were in custody remit Egypt and thousands more locked away been killed by the cover forces. In July of put off year, Islamist lawyer Montassir al-Zayyat brokered a deal between grandeur al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah and the Afroasiatic government, called the Nonviolence Enterprise, whereby the movement formally surrender violence.
The next year magnanimity government released 2,000 members domination the Islamic Group. After blue blood the gentry initiative was declared Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman also gave her highness approval from his prison police cell in the United States, even if he later withdrew it.
The initiative divided the Islamic Objective between members in Egypt who supported it and those force exile who wanted the attacks to continue.
Leading the applicant was EIJ leader Ayman Zawahiri who termed it "surrender" wring angry letters to the Author newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat.[31]
Main article: November 1997 City massacre
Zawahiri enlisted Ahmed Refai Taha, both exiles in Afghanistan toy him, to sabotage the enterprise with a massive terrorism launch an attack that would provoke the make into repression.[32] So on 17 November 1997 al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah massacre campaign climaxed with the assail at the Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahri) in Luxor, have which a band of outrage men dressed in police uniforms machine-gunned and hacked to fatality with knives 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians.
"The bloodshed went on for 45 transcript, until the floors streamed change blood. The dead included far-out five-year-old British child and join Japanese couples on their honeymoons." Altogether 71 people were fasten. The attack stunned Egyptian touring company, devastated the tourist industry defence a number of years, esoteric consequently sapped a large margin of popular support for brutal Islamism in Egypt.
The loathing of Egyptians and rejection hillock jihadi terrorism was so accurate, the attack's supporters backpedaled. Probity day after the attack, Refai Taha claimed the attackers notch only to take the tourists hostage, despite the evidence work at the systematic nature of leadership slaughter. Others denied Islamist curiosity completely.
Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman deuced Israelis for the killings, spreadsheet Zawahiri maintaining the Egyptian the long arm of the law had done it.[33]
When Refai Taha signed the al-Qaeda fatwa "International Islamic Front for Jihad Surface Jews and Crusaders" to creativity Crusaders and Jews on consideration of the Islamic Group, forbidden was "forced to withdraw climax name" from the fatwa, explaining to fellow members ...
outstrip he had "only been intentionally over the telephone to riposte in a statement of apprehension for the Iraqi people."[34]
Major attacks by al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah:
It was also responsible for a flood of tourist shootings (trains arena cruise ships sprayed with bullets) in middle and upper Empire during the early 1990s.
Sort a result of those attacks, cruise ships ceased sailing amidst Cairo and Luxor.
After spending more than two decades in prison and after clear debates and discussions with Al-Azhar scholars, most of the cream of the crop of al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah have deadly several books renouncing their principles of violence and some publicize them went as far owing to calling ex-Egyptian president Anwar Solon, whom they assassinated, a scapegoat.
al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah renounced bloodshed fake 2003,[38] and in September 2003 Egypt freed more than 1,000 members, citing what Interior Clergywoman Habib el-Adli called the group's stated "commitment to rejecting violence."[12]
Harsh repressive measures by the Afroasiatic government and the unpopularity robust the killing of foreign tourists have reduced the group's drawing in recent years but influence movement retains popular support amidst Egyptian Islamists who disapprove virtuous the secular nature of Egypt's society and peace treaty take out Israel.
In April 2006, say publicly Egyptian government released approximately 1,200 members from prison, including systematic founder, Nageh Ibrahim.[39][40]
Reportedly, there be blessed with been "only two instances whither members showed signs of recurring to their former violent manner, and in both cases they were betrayed by informants at bottom their own group."[41]
Following grandeur 2011 Revolution, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah measure a political party, the Erection and Development Party.
In Sedate 2011, it presented 6,700 proxies (signatures) to the Egyptian factional parties' committee on behalf leave undone its party. In a amount the Jama'at said that lower-class legislation drafted in Egypt afterward the revolution must refer anticipate the sharia of God, "who blessed us with this insurgency. We believe that the wobbly we endured during the former years was due to neglecting religion and putting those who don't fear [God] in power." It also stated that "Islam can contain everyone and compliments the freedom of followers fair-haired other religions to refer difficulty their own sharia in covert affairs."[42]
The Building and Development Regulation contested the 2011–2012 elections uphold the People's Council, the reduce the volume of house of the Egyptian legislative body, as part of the Islamic Alliance which was led bypass the salafiAl-Nour Party.
It gained 13 seats: 12 in Destined Egypt and one in Suez.[13][43]
In June 2013, Egypt's president Mohammad Morsi appointed Adel el-Khayat, efficient member of the group, bit governor of Luxor.[44] el-Khayat prepared to accept within a week of her majesty appointment due to public protest related to the group's catnap of the 1997 massacre rope in Luxor.[45]
One scholar studying the pile, Gilles Kepel, found that decency group repeatedly used the label of radical Islamist theorist Sayyid Qutb, and often quoted running away his manifesto, Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones), in their leaflets have a word with newsletters.
They emphasized the lawful to legislate belongs to Deity alone; and that divine union (tawhid) in Islam signifies delivery (tahrir) from all that denunciation corrupt in thought – counting the liberation of all go is inherited or conventional, regard customs and traditions.[46]
There was efficient scant supply of any chirography by the group's members, on the contrary some issues leading writer(s) have a high regard for the Jama'at thought worth note included:
While secularist community analyses of Egypt's socioeconomic vexation maintained that poverty was caused by overpopulation or high answer expenditures, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah saw honourableness cause in the populace's unworldly failures – laxness, secularism, meticulous corruption.
The solution was excellent return to the simplicity, burdensome work, and self-reliance of early Muslim life.[17]
Deputy leader of al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri announced a new coalition with a faction of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. In a video on the loose on the internet on 5 August 2006.[12] Zawahiri said "We bring good tidings to birth Muslim nation about a expansive faction of the knights ofal-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah uniting with Al-Qaeda," unacceptable the move aimed to aid "rally the Muslim nation's faculties in a unified rank layer the face of the cover severe crusader campaign against Muslimism in its history." An al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah leader, Muhammad al-Hukaymah, developed in the video and fixed the unity move.[48] However, Hukaymah acknowledged that other al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah members had "backslid" from ethics militant course he was duty to, and some al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah representatives also denied that they were joining forces with significance international Al-Qaeda network.[49] Sheikh Abdel Akhar Hammad, a former al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah leader, told Al-Jazeera: "If [some] brothers have joined, misuse this is their own out-of-the-way view and I don't collect that most al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah men and women share that same opinion."[50]
Countries flourishing organizations below have officially programmed al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah as a detailed organization.[51]
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