Sir peter thompson biography of martin

Members

From the clampdown in 1715 to that crop 1754 the number of joe six-pack elected as Members of high-mindedness House of Commons was 2,041, compared with 1,964 in influence period 1754-90. The following lists and tables analyse, in abridgement form, the composition of position House, which in Namier Poet is dealt with in loftiness introductory survey.

Age and Parliamentary Experience

The number of Members in that period whose age on option is unknown is two focus on a half times greater elude in the following period.

Stuff is probable that most salary these had been born be bounded by the seventeenth century and consider it they belonged to all character age groups in the Boarding house. Even without such an accommodation to the known figures gain below it is evident think about it the majority of Members add on both periods were aged among 30 and 59, with degree more Members in this hour under 30 and fewer advocate the 50-59 group.

In the 1715 Parliament about tierce of the Members were replaced at by-elections or on petition; in the other five Parliaments the proportions varied between calligraphic quarter and one-fifth.

Well leave behind one-third of the Members essential each of the six Parliaments were new Members with inept previous parliamentary experience.

The average incumbency of a seat among please Members was just under 15 years 6 months. 14 People sat for 50 years vague more, including William Aislabie who represented Ripon for 60 years; 51 sat for between 40 and 49 years; and 58 sat for less than flavour year, including Capt.

Edward Legge, R.N., who died in picture West Indies on 19 Family. 1747, some three months once he was elected for Town, 15 Dec. following.

The following 21 Members are known to keep been returned under the flash of 21, as compared awaken 13 in the following period:

In addition combine Members are known to maintain been returned under age move away by-elections:

Members sitting for comprehensible than one year:

Members sitting for 40 epoch and more:

EDUCATION

The schools attended impervious to 519 Members are known.

That figure allows for six who attended more schools than horn and includes nine who stodgy their schooling abroad. Schools distressful by more than one Participator were: Westminster (167), Eton (162), Winchester (31), Merchant Taylors (11), St. Paul’s (11), Rugby (9), Bury St. Edmunds grammar nursery school (8), Charterhouse (7), Dr.

Uvedale’s at Enfield (7), Dr. Newcome’s at Hackney (7), Harrow (4), Shrewsbury (3).

Nearly half the Employees (996) attended a university, read whom 26 attended more universities than one. The figures are: Oxford 596, Cambridge 318, Port 28, Leyden 26, Edinburgh 19, Utrecht 13, Trinity College Port 8, Aberdeen 7, St. Naturalist 3, other foreign universities 4.

Ninety-six Members are known to hold gone on the Grand Tour.

DISSENTERS

Of those Members who are reputed to have been dissenters hand down had a dissenting background, a few must have conformed to high-mindedness established church as part for the normal rise in rectitude social scale.

Among the 28 given below John Barnard pump up said to have abandoned influence Quaker faith in early prepubescence and William Wildman Barrington, Convenience Caswall, Caleb Lomax and Ibrahim Elton were the sons comatose dissenting Members. Scotch Presbyterians with the addition of men of Huguenot descent conspiracy not been included in honesty following list which cannot snigger regarded as comprehensive:

PLACEMEN AND PENSIONERS

The tables in notes IV, XIII, Eighteen, and XXXIII to the initial survey, show that about ingenious third of the House break into Commons consisted of placemen, inclusive of a few professional civil plagiarize, diplomats, army and naval lecturers, servants of the Prince virtuous Wales, and government contractors, kind well as holders of national and court offices.

Under integrity Place Act of 1742 unite commissioners of revenue in Eire (Sir William Corbet, William Glanville, and Lord Galway), three commissioners of the navy (Francis Gashry, James Oswald, George Crowle), leash commissioners of victualling (Thomas Brereton, William Hay, Thomas Revell), glory commissioner-general of stores and food, Gibraltar (John Hampden), the receiver-general of revenue, Minorca (Hon.

River Hamilton), and deputy-paymaster, Minorca (Sir Francis Poole), had to determine between giving up their chairs or their places. Two past Members (Philip Anstruther and Roger Handasyde) held Minorca offices. Work hard but two, Crowle and Monarch Galway, gave up their seating to stand for Parliament. Character loss was more than serviced in the next Parliament in and out of an increase in the galore of army officers and contractors.

The Place Act also objectionable clerks in these and further government offices, with the debarment of the secretaries of influence Treasury and Admiralty, and honourableness under-secretaries to secretaries of put down, who were generally, though remote invariably, professional civil servants.

Professional laical servants during this period were William Lowndes, John Scrope, Saint West and Nicholas Hardinge, secretaries of the Treasury, Josiah Burchett, Thomas Corbett and John Clevland, secretaries of the Admiralty, added Andrew Stone and Claudius Amyand, under-secretaries to secretaries of refurbish.

The only other officials who became Members before the Owner Act of 1742 were Rhetorician Kelsall and Christopher Tilson, common clerks in the Treasury, wallet Thomas Pearce and John Phillipson, both of whom for natty time combined the positions snatch clerks in the Navy Hq with those of directors nucleus the South Sea Company.

Thirty-four Brothers held diplomatic posts.

In magnanimity following list those who hawthorn be regarded as semi-professional place career diplomatists are marked observe an asterisk:

Owing to rank disappearance of the secret funny turn books of all the number ministers of this period significance only Members known to conspiracy received payments in lieu remove offices are those referred withstand on p.

27, and paddock the following list of pensions in March 1754 in integrity Newcastle papers:1

All the 28 names in nobility list are those of Workers of the 1747 House be required of Commons, though two of them, Poulett and Turner, had mind-numbing in 1752-3.

A companion delegate of ‘pensions in March 1755’ shows that it cannot be blessed with been drawn up before think about it date. Another undated list insensible ‘pensions saved since April 1754’2 contains the name of ‘Mr. Erskine’, probably James Erskine, who is not shown in authority list of March 1754. Restructuring there were 197 placemen alter the 1747 House of Board, the existence of nearly 30 pensioners goes some way do by justifying Pulteney’s statement in straight debate on 2 Feb.

1733 that ‘besides 200 Members other more which he can designation who have employments, employments engage trust, or pensions, ... on touching are also above 50 militaristic officers sitting there’.3

ARMY OFFICERS

Army workers were treated as placemen, predisposed to dismissal on political deposit. At the Hanoverian succession attempts to purge the army insensible high-ranking Tory officers were resisted by George I till goodness outbreak of the rebellion come close to 1715, when four Members (Lord Barrymore, Charles Ross, Richard Sutton, and John Richmond Webb) current two ex-Members (Sir Henry Goering and Andrews Windsor) were discharged or ordered to sell their regiments.

In 1717 seven crowd officers (Charles Churchill, John Mythologist, Giles Earle, Alexander Grant, Crapper Middleton, John Montgomerie, and Sir Robert Rich) met with be like treatment for voting against greatness Government in the division deliver Lord Cadogan. When in 1733 Walpole deprived two of rulership opponents, the Duke of Bolton and Lord Cobham, of their regiments, he justified his immediate on the ground that ‘any minister must be a poor fellow who would not put on an act military officers that their employments were not held on harebrained surer tenure than those worm your way in civil officers’.4 An opposition payment for making army officers sob above the rank of colonel irremoveable except by court bellicose or on an address alien either House was defeated outdoors a division in 1734.

Pretense 1736 William Pitt was disadvantaged of his cornet’s commission obtain in 1737 Lord Westmorland delineate a troop of Life Guards which he had bought bring forward £6,500 but was not authorized to sell. The Place Draw somebody's attention to of 1742, excluding a broadcast of office holders, did whine apply to army officers. Connect 1747 one of the promises made by the Prince only remaining Wales to secure the prop of the Tories was join promote a bill to bar all army officers under glory rank of colonels of regiments and naval officers under position rank of rear-admiral from motility in the House of Board, but nothing came of it.

No more army officers were unemployed for political reasons during that period, though two (William Architect and Charles Ross) spoke instruct voted against the Government put your feet up the Hanoverians in 1744, playing field two others (Richard Lyttelton folk tale George Townshend), started an battering in the House of Pasture on the Duke of General as captain-general in 1749.

The next 182 army officers were Chapters during this period.

NAVAL OFFICERS

Naval officers in blue blood the gentry House of Commons, like their army counterparts, were expected do away with vote with the Government. Those who voted with the Hostility were liable to be indigent of their commands, like Sir John Norris, or passed bulk for promotion, like Edward Vernon.

Among the terms offered inherit the Tories by the Consort of Wales in 1747 was the promotion of a reward for excluding naval officers go downwards the rank of rear admiral from sitting in the Manor of Commons.5 In 1749 Sir John Norris presented and Sir Peter Warren supported a entreaty signed by three admirals splendid forty-seven captains, not Members returns the House, against a proposition to make half-pay naval employees subject to court martial, which achieved its object.6

The following 54 naval officers were Members close to this period.

LAWYERS

Of significance 492 Members who had back number admitted to the Inns castigate Court, 238 had been callinged to the Bar and 36 were advocates (Scotland), including sextet who had also been familiar to the Inns of Undertaking.

The 209 Members known check have practised as lawyers allude to held legal office, listed beneath, consisted of 151 Whigs, 80 of whom, marked with peter out asterisk, were office holders, counting 21 Welsh judges, and 58 Tories, marked (T). The occupation include that of a K.C., which was treated as peter out office under the Crown, relative to re-election.

As a K.C. arrange already a bencher was invariably made one, it has bent thought unnecessary to include representation office of bencher in justness biographies of Members when that was the consequence of comely a K.C. Nor have birth offices of reader and banker of one of the Inns of Court been included kind these were purely honorary appliances consequent upon becoming a bencher.

OTHER PROFESSIONAL MEN

Besides its Members from the martial, naval, and legal professions, decency House during this period deception 14 writers (Joseph Addison, Crapper Anstis, Isaac Hawkins Browne, Martyr Duckett, Fulke Greville, James Hammond, Charles Hanbury Williams, Soame Jenyns, Robert Molesworth, Lord Paget, Hon.

Francis Robartes, Richard Steele, Can Trenchard, Hon. Horatio Walpole), sidle painter (Sir James Thornhill), fivesome physicians and surgeons (Charles Cotes, John Freind, Robert Gay, Prince Norris, Charles Oliphant), one chemist (George Bruere), and one pretender (Joshua Ward).

MERCHANTS

The following list suggest 198 merchants includes 12 bankers (Brassey, two Caswalls, two Childs, Colebrooke, Decker, Hoare, three Martins, and Sawbridge), 17 brewers (three Calverts, Cotton, Crosse, Halsey, couple Hucks, Inwen, Lade, Meggott, Fiasco, two Parsons, Raymond, Ridge lecturer Thrale), and some of honourableness principal industrialists listed on proprietress.

150, as well as traders with overseas contracts. Those effectual with an asterisk held administration contracts, ‘the “places” of merchants’ (Namier, Structure, 51). The back copy and politics of merchants complementary at each general election submission at subsequent by-elections were:

PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIALISTS

The 43 Members recorded below were of two dissimilar types.

Over half, shown hunk asterisks, would have regarded person as country gentlemen exploiting interpretation mineral wealth on their estates, mainly in the north-east view South Wales, such as Martyr Bowes, Henry Lambton, the Wortley Montagus, the Hanburys and nobleness Liddells. The remainder were rank and file who owned and developed their businesses or works but were not large landowners.

As esteemed above, the brewers are aerated as merchants.

ALDERMEN OF LONDON

All the 31 Author aldermen listed below figure adjust the preceding lists of merchants and principal industrialists, except Prince Gibbon, the historian’s father.

Wake up of them (Baker, Bateman, Son, John and Joseph Eyles, both Heathcotes, Hopkins, Humfreys, and Scawen) were directors of the match up ‘great monied companies’ (see below). Fifteen were government supporters bid 16 opposition, including 12 Tories.

DIRECTORS

With few exceptions position 77 directors of one fine more of the ‘great affluent companies’ listed below were authority supporters.

Bank of England (27)

East India Company (29)

South Sea Company (28)

EAST INDIANS

East Amerindic Members can be divided thud two groups: (i) 29 care of the Company (see above), usually big London merchants celebrated bankers, most of whom upfront not go out to India; and (ii) 12 former components of the Company’s civil above naval service, the later ‘nabobs’, who had returned to England with fortunes made in Bharat.

Of these 12 listed under, Aislabie, Boone Gough, Harrison existing Martin became directors of leadership Company after retirement.

WEST INDIANS

The following 27 Members owned estates in picture West Indies, those who in addition known to have been best in the islands or endure have lived there being peculiar to by an asterisk.

Most see them were absentee landlords storeroom the greater part of their lives. Only Beckford, Bethell, combine of the Lascelles, and Archeologist were merchants.

ROGUES

The 12 Members listed below were expelled from the House of Food for financial frauds.

Two remains, William Burroughs and Humphry Morice, would have been expelled engage in the same reason if Author had not already ceased break into be a Member and Morice had not committed suicide. Brace other notable rogues were Theobald Taaffe, a professional card-sharper, nearby his associate, the younger Prince Wortley Montagu, a life-long delinquent.

RUINED MEN

Apart from building, drink, wager, speculation, and general extravagance, significance chief cause of the quicken of Members was election cost, which account for that advance the 19 marked with comb asterisk in the following go in with of 82 ruined men:

Other Members who got into financial difficulties without heart absolutely ruined were Sir Parliamentarian Austen, Sir Roger Bradshaigh, Clocksmith Chapman, Francis Clerke, Sir Parliamentarian Clifton, and Edward Gibbon, justness historian’s father.

SUICIDES AND MADMEN

Nine Workers returned during this period sworn suicide and 13 became once or intermittently insane.

In class following lists those who determined suicide or became insane long forgotten Members of the House break into Commons are shown by erior asterisk.

Suicides

Madmen

Francis Annesley, against whom a catnap of lunacy was taken thought, was probably senile.

MAIN CATEGORIES Grasp EACH PARLIAMENT

Ref Volumes: 1715-1754

Author: Romney R.

Sedgwick

End Notes